... capabilities theory and institutional theory to analyze the impact of cultural, social, and governance frameworks from the Middle East on the strategic decisions and performance of enterprises in international markets. Design/methodology/approach The systematic literature review methodology was applied...

.... Research limitations/implications This paper argues that institutional theory is relevant for explaining the differences in IR practices of the universities in the two different jurisdictional settings. Practical implications The research will be of interest to university administrators, policymakers...

... the ICD in firms’ annual reports, corporate social responsibility reports, websites and recruitment materials. The sample for this research is based on 20 PAFs ranked by fee income. The paper employs institutional theory as its theoretical lens. Findings The findings of this paper show that ICDs vary...