... highlight Indonesia, Malaysia and Bangladesh as consistent leaders. Originality/value An artificial intelligence/machine learning-enabled, multi-method framework is developed to measure and interpret HC disclosure in Islamic banking by integrating transformer-based sentence classification with CRITIC...

... and feature selection, classification was performed using a combination of machine learning techniques, evaluated through fivefold cross-validation with accuracy and ROC curve. A sensitivity analysis, based on feature exclusion and performance comparison, further validated the robustness of the predictive...