... and economic background, this study addresses their legality under international law. On this basis, this paper reflects on the two main EU measures to counter extraterritorial sanctions: the blocking statute and countermeasures. Design/methodology/approach Methodologically, this paper combines doctrinal...

... as countermeasures in exceptional circumstances and must adhere to strict conditions to be lawful, particularly concerning their proportionality and humanitarian impacts. Originality/value This study fills a gap in international legal scholarship by providing a dedicated analysis of central bank sanctions...

... the perspective of international law, the term “economic sanctions” has not yet evolved into a distinct and coherent legal category. Rather, such sanctions are typically classified as either United Nations (UN) sanctions, (unilateral) retorsions or (unilateral) countermeasures. Before delving into the core...