... of the IIAs signed by African states were with non-African states (Paez, 2017) [ 18 ] and because of the imbalance of economic power, African states have largely been takers of model IIAs from their counterparts. Furthermore, African arbitrators have been largely under-represented in the investment arbitral...

... been undergoing recalibration towards a more diverse, comprehensive and accommodating regime. Its grip on global investment relations intensified with an ever-increasing net of treaties, regional alliances, policy measures and investment arbitration. However, its overall features are increasingly broad...