... direct investment Competition Crowding-out effect Market-stealing effect F23 F92 D83 L24 O14 As overseas expansion of the multinational firms actively started in 1980s, foreign direct investment (FDI) highly increased over the last few decades. With highly increasing FDI...

... F11 J11 O14 O32 In the modern economy, the majority of advanced economies have experienced structural changes toward a service economy during the process of digitally empowered economic growth [1] observed as follows. First, the digitally empowered innovation in services, based...

... liberalization Reforms Structural upgrading F19 O14 O33 Trade liberalization establishes the linkages between the domestic economy and the world economic system, and encourages an economy to reform its productive structures under the pressures of increasing international competition. A long...