Effect of nanoparticles on the properties of geopolymer materials

Geopolymer is an innovative material and a real alternative to traditional Portland cement for use in the construction industry. Incorporation of the use of geopolymers in civil engineering is one of the most-promising options for reducing environmental impact and the huge energy consumption of Portland cement manufacture. Since geopolymers were discovered, further development has produced more modified, strong, durable and sustainable binders. One option to develop and modify some properties of this system is to add other prospective materials such as nanoparticles. In general, the applications and advances of nanotechnology in geopolymer materials remain limited in comparison with those of traditional cementitious materials. However, in the last few years, the effect of nanoparticles on the properties of geopolymers has been given increased attention. This article presents an overview of earlier studies focused on adding different types of nanoparticles, such as nano-silicone dioxide (SiO₂), nano-titanium dioxide (TiO₂), nano-aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃), nano-clay and geothermal nanosilica waste, into different geopolymer matrices. Fresh and hardened properties have been reviewed and briefed. The current review can be used as a guide to know what has already been covered in the research and what should be covered in future studies.