Alkali activation of calcined clays: a comprehensive review for sustainable cementitious systems

In this review, alkali activation of calcined clays in cementitious systems is extensively explored, covering historical context, evolution and contemporary importance. Beginning with an introduction that outlines the purpose and objectives of this review, the composition, properties and historical applications of calcined clays are investigated. Delving into fundamental aspects of alkali activation, a comparative analysis with traditional methods is provided. The review highlights the impact of alkali activation on properties such as strength development, durability and environmental sustainability. The influences of various alkali activators are evaluated, examining microstructural changes and their implications for mechanical properties. Addressing challenges and anticipating future trends, the review concludes by emphasising the critical need for ongoing research in this field to advance sustainable and innovative construction materials.