... supplementary cementitious materials, low clinker contents, alkali-activated materials and other alternative systems, the applicability of conventional durability test methods, developed primarily for concretes based on Portland cement, is increasingly questioned. Several established procedures could fail...

... Emerald Publishing Limited 2026 Emerald Publishing Limited Licensed re-use rights only alkali-activated cements alkali-activated materials durability low-grade calcined clay mechanical properties pore structure slag modification testing & evaluation waste valorisation water...

...-activated cements alkali-activated materials energy conservation industrial waste utilisation sustainable concrete waste valorisation Waste foundry sand (WFS) is a by-product generated by the metals manufacturing industry, which plays a crucial role in the manufacture of many components across...

...Tao Liu; Jianfeng Fan; Ziqiang Peng Alkali-activated materials (AAMs) are regarded as a substitute for Portland cement. They have high chloride resistance and a low carbon dioxide footprint. The aim of this review is to provide a multi-scale perspective to understand material–product–microstructure...