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Keywords: freeze–thaw scaling
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Journal Articles
Journal:
Magazine of Concrete Research
Magazine of Concrete Research (2026) 78 (13-14): 816–828.
Published: 28 July 2026
... air entrainment blended cements durability freeze–thaw scaling performance criteria The most severe freeze–thaw (FT) exposure for concrete is where there is high water saturation in combination with de-icing agents or seawater. This is denoted as exposure class XF4 (BSI, 2023a). In the UK...
