... and cracking orientations. Diagnostic tools such as the stiffness damage test and damage rating index provided insights into internal microcracking and reduction of the modulus of elasticity, accounting for the influence of environmental exposure conditions. Measurements of strain and residual tensile strength...

... tensile strength, measured at the post-fire stage after cooling the specimens to ambient temperature. However, such residual tensile strength is only applicable to concrete after fire exposure and not during the fire event, which is usually more critical. In this study, the early residual splitting...