... their strength, stiffness and ductility and thus enhance the overall seismic performance of the frame. Traditional retrofitting techniques involving jacketing and bolted steel plates have become obsolete, owing to the inherent limitations associated with their use. The effectiveness of fibre reinforced polymers...

... stiffness for solid and hollow PC members. The developed formulae are verified to calculate the torsional precracking responses of 55 collected PC specimens reasonably well. This study also proposes a simple exponential formula for the inclination angle α of the compression diagonals in concrete...