... levels were considered. The retrofitted specimens were subjected to the same cyclic loading protocol as the control specimen to study their seismic performance in the same light. The seismic performance of the retrofitted specimens was assessed in terms of hysteretic behaviour, ductility, stiffness...

... stiffness for solid and hollow PC members. The developed formulae are verified to calculate the torsional precracking responses of 55 collected PC specimens reasonably well. This study also proposes a simple exponential formula for the inclination angle α of the compression diagonals in concrete...