... 28 02 2026 © 2026 Emerald Publishing Limited 2026 Emerald Publishing Limited Licensed re-use rights only anchors anchor foundations deep-sea sedimentary systems erosion floating offshore wind turbines foundations mechanisms scour mechanisms undercurrent erosion...

... to their abundant resources, employment opportunities, and cultural activities (Small and Nicholls, 2003). However, these areas face significant risks from coastal hazards such as erosion, flooding, and storms, which have become more frequent and severe with climate change (Park and Lee, 2020). b bias term...

... of the flood defence of the port with a 1 in 10 000 years safety standard. This highly erosive beach is maintained by means of regular, biennial nourishments. The wind turbines with a hub height of 103 m have a monopile foundation with a diameter of 5 m and are located close to the waterline. Both...