Effect of photovoltaic energy penetration on photovoltaic–wind renewable energy system

India is a tropical country that gets a significant amount of solar irradiation that is suitable for photovoltaic (PV) applications. The country is also endowed with wind energy in its large coastal areas. India is an agro-economic country that has a growing need for irrigation. Utilization of hybrid renewable energy for the agricultural needs of the country would be a step toward a sustainable future. For the environmental conditions of Haldia, India, a stand-alone PV–wind–lead-acid battery hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) was developed to cater to the needs of agricultural activities. An investigation was conducted on the impact of PV penetration on the system wind energy capacity, battery capacity, capacity shortage, net present cost, cost of energy (COE), PV and wind energy percentage and surplus energy produced. The optimization was based on the assumption that the HRES had no unmet load and the lowest COE. This research provided a range of wind energy capacities for the location with no unmet loads. The research discovered the ideal HRES of the site with a COE of US$0.312/kWh. This study may help farmers by boosting their reliance on power from renewable energy sources and decreasing their dependency on grid power for agricultural activities.