... Emerald Publishing Limited 2025 Emerald Publishing Limited Licensed re-use rights only clays particle image velocimetry pipe penetration pipes and pipelines shear band thickness strain localisation C peak intensity of an individual dot c_v...

... and the resulting bearing capacity. Laboratory model tests were performed using anchor models with embedment lengths of 30, 60, and 90 cm, installed in uniformly compacted sand. Displacement fields were recorded using the particle image velocimetry technique. The tests revealed well-defined zones of soil–anchor...

...-resolution image-capturing device, which allowed for the complete information on the displacement field to be recorded. The principles of Particle Image Velocimetry, as applied by the GeoPIV software package developed at Cambridge, were then used to process this data by removing the base displacement...