... models across two different approaches: Deep Learning (DL) models (Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Autoencoders, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Transformers, and EfficientNet1D) and Federated Learning models (Channel-Separated CNN-FL, Hierarchical FL, Adaptive FL...

... variable-speed conditions by addressing the limitations of fixed-speed datasets and single-model deep learning approaches. Design/methodology/approach An ensemble deep learning model (EDLM) is developed by integrating convolutional neural networks (CNN), deep belief networks (DBN) and stacked...