.... HMM is further adopted to establish the transmission probabilities among stages. Finally, the simulation inference is conducted using Particle filter (PF) to estimate the most probable model parameters. Water seals at the spillway hydraulic gate in a Taiwan's reservoir are used to examine...

... the accuracy of forecasting the system state. This framework of forecasting integrates the model-based information and the hybrid approach, which employs the structured residuals in the first part and the particle filter in the second part. Findings The performance of the suggested fusion framework...