... Shadow economy Corruption Money laundering Economic freedom European countries G3 In recent years, economic growth in most European countries has been modest, with an increase of only 0.4% recorded in 2023. Forecasts suggest growth rates of 1% in 2024 and 1.6% in 2025 for the European...

...Faisal Abbas; Shoaib Ali; Muhammad Tahir Suleman Purpose This study examined how economic freedom and its related components, such as open markets, regulatory efficiency, rule of law and the size of government, affect bank risk behavior, focusing on the Japanese context. Design/methodology...

...-sectional effects. To validate our findings, we perform a robustness test by including in the investigation four control variables, namely poverty, type of governance, economic freedom and inflation. To test heterogeneity, the dataset is further divided into two distinct subsamples based on the countries...

... growth and shows that the disparity between countries is driven by the determinants of economic growth (human capital in R&D, high-tech exports, Internet access, economic freedom, unemployment rate and greenhouse gas emissions). Moreover, since the authors find that R&D expenditure and greenhouse...