... approximation to the real stresses can be obtained by treating the structure as a pin-jointed frame rather thanas a rigid-angle frame. If, however, riveted joints are to be replaced by welded joints, it seems highly probable that in most cases the join& will have to be treatedas rigid,and some accountmustthen...

... of the deformations of framed structures, andofthe stress-distribution due to externally-applied forces and t,emperature- changesin statically-indeterminateframed structures-especially aircraft structures-incontinuousbeams, metalarchedribs,etc. Such problems as these are treated in many English textbooks...