... are systematically outlined, with a step-by-step explanation of finite element modelling (FEM) development, covering element type selection, boundary conditions and fire loading simulations. Two case studies are presented to validate the numerical models against experimental results, reinforcing the reliability...

... and the influence of various structural parameters on fire performance. The risk of bias in the included studies was assessed using established tools for evaluating the quality of numerical modelling studies. Two reviewers independently assessed each study, considering factors such as the validity...

... boundary conditions can have load-carrying capacity until 700°C. Cold formed Steel Fire Numerical modelling Beams Axial restraint Rotational restraint All CFS beams were modelled by using shell elements (S4R – doubly curved, a four-node, quadrilateral and stress/displacement shell...