... and the restraint effect. It was called also the thermal expansion which was defined the strain of unstrained material due to heat (Ghoneim and El-Mihilmy, 2008). Al mostly, the thermal expansion was influenced by aggregate type, heating rate, moisture content, cement type, water content and mix ratio...

... the axial restraint of the column in fire. An axial elastic stiffness is used to represent restraint from the superstructure, and the full post-buckling behaviour is covered. Results obtained from the simplified model have been validated against previous numerical studies. A full-frame model has been...