The response of grandstands to dynamic crowd loads

This paper provides an overview of the response of grandstands to dynamic crowd loading. It summarizes the guidance which is currently available in the UK and how it has been developed. The interaction between structures and crowds is then considered for both jumping and stationary crowds. A model for jumping loads is given, and the frequency range for jumping and the dynamic crowd effect are discussed. Numerical modelling of grandstands and the determination of structural response are considered, together with possible structural modifications to improve dynamic behaviour. Next, the testing of structures is examined and the results from tests on a range of grandstands summarized, including the characteristics of empty structures and response to crowd loading during concerts and sports events. Finally, vibration serviceability levels are considered and some other design considerations discussed.