Figure 1. Slots in the concrete slab to accommodate metal straps around the beams ( Yang et al., 2019 ) Concrete slab specimen with multiple embedded steel strips positioned across support blocks during structural testing. The concrete slab specimen rests on support blocks during structural testing and contains multiple embedded steel strips extending vertically through the slab depth. Rectangular slots are visible along the top surface, aligned in 2 rows near the slab edges. Several steel strips extend below the slab, while the surrounding laboratory environment contains testing equipment and structural supports. More about this image found in Slots in the concrete slab to accommodate metal straps around the beams ( Y...

Figure 2. Stress-strain of the metal strap Stress versus strain graph shows material response reaching a plateau near 900 megapascals over increasing strain values. The stress versus strain graph depicts material behaviour with stress measured in megapascals on the y-axis and strain in microst... More about this image found in Stress-strain of the metal strap Stress versus strain graph shows materi...

Figure 3. Layout of the tested beams: (a) layout of beam 6; (b) asymmetric sides of the hole in beam 6 Load versus deflection graph compares structural responses for 12 specimens with varying peak loads and post-peak behaviour. The load versus deflection graph compares structural responses for... More about this image found in Layout of the tested beams: (a) layout of beam 6; (b) asymmetric sides of t...

Figure 4. Load–deflection diagram of the beams Load versus deflection graph compares structural responses for 12 specimens with varying peak loads and post-peak behaviour. The load versus deflection graph compares structural responses for 12 specimens labelled 1 through 12. The x-axis represen... More about this image found in Load–deflection diagram of the beams Load versus deflection graph compar...

Figure 5. Load-carrying capacity of beams Bar chart compares ultimate load capacities of 12 beam specimens with values ranging from 50 to 87 kilonewtons. The bar chart presents the ultimate load capacities of 12 beam specimens labelled from 1 to 12 along the horizontal axis. The vertical axis ... More about this image found in Load-carrying capacity of beams Bar chart compares ultimate load capacit...

Figure 6. Crack pattern of the beams: (a) beam 1, (b) beam 2, (c) beam 3, (d) beam 4, (e) beam 5, (f) beam 6, (g) beam 7, (h) beam 8, (i) beam 9, (j) beam 10, (k) beam 11 and (l) beam 12 Series of reinforced concrete beams display crack propagation and strengthening configurations under flexura... More about this image found in Crack pattern of the beams: (a) beam 1, (b) beam 2, (c) beam 3, (d) beam 4,...

Figure 6. Continued The reinforced concrete beams display crack propagation and strengthening strip behaviour after flexural testing. More about this image found in Continued The reinforced concrete beams display crack propagation and st...

Figure 7. Crack size change in beam 3 The close-up view shows a narrow flexural crack beneath an externally bonded strip. The close-up view presents a reinforced concrete surface containing a narrow vertical flexural crack extending upward beneath a continuous externally bonded strengthening s... More about this image found in Crack size change in beam 3 The close-up view shows a narrow flexural cr...

Figure 8. Location of the anchorage failure of the bolts in beam 12 A strengthened concrete beam end showing anchorage failure, concrete crushing, and severe cracking near the bonded reinforcement strip. More about this image found in Location of the anchorage failure of the bolts in beam 12 A strengthened...

Figure 9. A bend in the bolt of beam 8 A strengthened concrete beam underside showing debonding and peeling of the reinforcement strip beneath flexural cracks. More about this image found in A bend in the bolt of beam 8 A strengthened concrete beam underside show...

Figure 10. A bend in the anchored bolt of beam 4 Close-up view of a bolted steel connection passing through a concrete section with exposed aggregate material. More about this image found in A bend in the anchored bolt of beam 4 Close-up view of a bolted steel co...

Figure 11. Ruptured strap of beam 6 Close-up view of a threaded steel bolt connection with damaged concrete material surrounding the fastening point. More about this image found in Ruptured strap of beam 6 Close-up view of a threaded steel bolt connecti...

Figure 12. Comparison of the results of different methods The load versus deflection graph compares hand calculation, experimental results, VecTor 2, and S A P 2000 predictions. More about this image found in Comparison of the results of different methods The load versus deflectio...

Figure 13. Crack pattern of control beam from VecTor2 software Finite element mesh model shows stress distribution and deformation patterns across a reinforced concrete beam section. The finite element mesh model depicts a reinforced concrete beam divided into small rectangular mesh elements w... More about this image found in Crack pattern of control beam from VecTor2 software Finite element mesh ...

Figure 14. Location of the holes in the modelled beams in VecTor2 software: (a) beams 1 and 2; (b) beam 3; (c) beam 4; (d) beam 5; (e) beams 6, 7 and 8 Five finite element mesh models labelled a to e show reinforced concrete beam configurations with varying support and opening arrangements. Th... More about this image found in Location of the holes in the modelled beams in VecTor2 software: (a) beams ...

Figure 15. Load–deflection diagram of the beams with holes modelled in VecTor2 software (note: H indicates the holes in the beams 3, 4, 5 and 7) Load versus deflection graph compares structural responses for specimens 1, 3 H, 4 H, 5 H, and 7 H. The load versus deflection graph compares structu... More about this image found in Load–deflection diagram of the beams with holes modelled in VecTor2 softwar...