... for optimising steel frames, trusses and bracing systems with respect to weight, cost and stiffness (Zamani and Rasouli, 2006a , 2006b ; Zhang et al., 2025). However, most existing studies focus on member size optimisation while assuming fixed structural geometry, limiting their applicability...

...Mátin Irãni, MSc; Behrouz Behnam, PhD Providing adequate fire safety for urban buildings is a life-saving goal, and can be addressed in different ways. Reported studies integrating fire safety and life cycle cost (LCC) of conventional urban structures are rare. To address this gap, a cost...