... remains a major challenge. This study presents a genetic-algorithm-based optimisation framework for MT-XBFs that minimises structural weight while satisfying inter-tier drift and member strength constraints. Seismic actions are evaluated using a linear elastic analysis based on the equivalent lateral...

... the bridge components and the entire system were plotted based on the incremental dynamic analysis method. Non-linear time history analysis was then employed to determine the mechanical parameter ranges for the LRBs. Subsequently, the Box–Behnken response surface design and a genetic algorithm were used...