... identity. artificial intelligence Baroque architecture buildings, structures & design circular tension-integral system dome structures heritage preservation structural optimisation tensegrity Figure 2 shows the regular half-octahedron tensegrity unit, where the top chord nodes A–D form...

... and the whale optimisation algorithm, the I-EEFO algorithm exhibited superior convergence speed, accuracy and robustness through rigorous evaluations. These findings establish the I-EEFO algorithm as a powerful tool for structural optimisation, offering significant potential for designing efficient...

...-gradient methods and both have been used for structural optimisation (Sahab et al., 2013). The gradient methods, classical mathematical techniques, use the gradient information to find the optimal solution. This problem attracted attention in the form of many meta-heuristic algorithms...