... of technological capability building to extract policy-relevant advice. Design/methodology/approach As part of a two-year research project, an online questionnaire was designed and sent to biopharmaceutical experts in Iran between May and October 2016. Respondents came from biopharmaceutical firms. Also, 12...

..., Lall (1992) proposed systematic framework for studying national technological capability accumulation of LDCs, and suggested macro level indicators to assess the system performance. Viotti (2002) followed the same path by presenting systematic approach to investigate technological learning of LDCs...