... associated with certain metal salts (especially Cr, Cu, Co, and Ni), bio-mordants were also explored as environmentally friendly alternatives. In addition, extracts from onion peels, pomegranate, chamomile, and yellow sumac (0.5%–2.5%) served as bio-mordants, enhancing color shades and improving fastness...

... was carried out using microwave (MW) ray treatment. By combining several mordants, a stunning color palette of shades of varying hues and tones was created. Comparative evaluation of the effects of various chemical mordants (aluminum salt, iron salt, tannic acid and cream of tartar) and bio-mordants...