Light weight deflectometers (LWDs) are portable and cost-effective devices that play a vital role in checking the quality of highway foundations and base installations for sports facilities such as football pitches and athletics tracks. As LWDs are accepted for use as part of compliance testing, it is essential that the results produced are reliable. This paper summarises the results of two UK-wide correlation trials carried out in 2021 and 2022. Machines and operators from 42 organisations attended the trials, in which the performance of 175 LWDs was assessed against the larger falling weight deflectometer (FWD). This paper provides some background to the use of LWDs and the design of the trial, including the collection and analysis of data. The relationship between the LWD and the FWD, including data variability and the influence of different testing regimes, was examined. The main findings of the trials are summarised and recommendations are made to maintain the precision of LWD devices.
Article navigation
February 2025
Research Article|
February 03 2025
Improving the precision of light weight deflectometers through annual correlation trials Available to Purchase
Michael Gordon, BEng (Hons), PhD,;
Michael Gordon, BEng (Hons), PhD,
Technical Director, WSP, Edinburgh, UK
Search for other works by this author on:
Michael J. McHale, BEng, CEng,;
Michael J. McHale, BEng, CEng,
Technical Director, WSP, Edinburgh, UK (corresponding author: michael.mchale@wsp.com)
Search for other works by this author on:
Alan Ferguson, CEng, FIAT, FCIHT
Alan Ferguson, CEng, FIAT, FCIHT
Materials Advisor, Transport Scotland, Glasgow, UK
Search for other works by this author on:
Publisher: Emerald Publishing
Received:
June 09 2023
Accepted:
October 03 2023
Online ISSN: 1751-7710
Print ISSN: 0965-092X
Emerald Publishing Limited: All rights reserved
2025
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Transport (2025) 178 (1): 3–8.
Article history
Received:
June 09 2023
Accepted:
October 03 2023
Citation
Gordon M, McHale MJ, Ferguson A (2025), "Improving the precision of light weight deflectometers through annual correlation trials". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Transport, Vol. 178 No. 1 pp. 3–8, doi: https://doi.org/10.1680/jtran.23.00062
Download citation file:
Suggested Reading
Measurement depth of vibratory roller-measured soil stiffness
Geotechnique (September,2009)
Stiffness of granular soils from field performance
Geotechnique (March,1991)
Optimisation of vibroflotation by amplitude in 1g tests and coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian simulations
International Journal of Physical Modelling in Geotechnics (May,2021)
Predictions of footing and pressuremeter response in sand using a hardening soil model
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering (June,2017)
Pressuremeter tests in municipal solid waste: measurement of shear stiffness
Geotechnique (April,2006)
Related Chapters
Structure and mechanical response of sub-Apennine Blue Clays in relation to their geological and recent loading history
Stiff Sedimentary Clays: Genesis and Engineering Behaviour: Géotechnique Symposium in Print 2007
Twenty-five years' geotechnical observation and testing in the Tertiary Boom Clay format
Stiff Sedimentary Clays: Genesis and Engineering Behaviour: Géotechnique Symposium in Print 2007
TECHNICAL NOTE: Techniques for performing small-strain probes in the triaxial apparatus
Stiff Sedimentary Clays: Genesis and Engineering Behaviour: Géotechnique Symposium in Print 2007
Recommended for you
These recommendations are informed by your reading behaviors and indicated interests.
