Design method of feeder bus network based on belt-shaped passenger-attracting zone

Feeder bus networks (FBNs) play a crucial role in enhancing the capacity and service reach of urban rail transit systems. However, traditional methods often overlook individual trip costs and require extensive passenger surveys for network management. A feeder bus design and management method based on belt-shaped passenger-attracting zones (PAZs) is proposed, with Harbin, China used as a case study. The method emphasises minimising individual trip costs and incorporates a broader range of travel behaviour choices, effectively reducing time and economic costs. Walking and feeder bus zones are defined based on the spatial influence of rail transit and modal characteristics. PAZs with hyperbolic boundaries are constructed using a cost-minimisation principle and used as constraints in solving the FBN design problem using dynamic integer programming. Simulation results showed that, compared with conventional approaches, the proposed method improved network coverage and commuting efficiency. Sensitivity analysis on key parameters, such as subway station spacing, subway and feeder bus speeds, demonstrated the model’s robustness and stability under various conditions. With its computational simplicity, adaptability and practical value, the method serves as a useful reference for FBN planning in other urban settings.