Figure 10. Particulate matter distribution for organic pads Line graph showing particle number size distribution for organic particles at magnifications 200, 400, and 630. The horizontal axis shows particle diameter d p in micrometers on a logarithmic scale from about 0.1 to above 100 More about this image found in Particulate matter distribution for organic pads Line graph showing part...

Figure 11. Particulate matter distribution and standard deviation for metallic pads A line graph showing particle number size distribution for metallic particles. The horizontal axis shows particle diameter d p in micrometers on a logarithmic scale from about 0.1 to above 100. The vertical axi... More about this image found in Particulate matter distribution and standard deviation for metallic pads ...

Figure 12. Particulate matter distribution and standard deviation for semi-metallic pads A line graph showing particle number size distribution for semi metallic particles. The horizontal axis shows particle diameter d p in micrometers on a logarithmic scale from about 0.1 to above 100. The ve... More about this image found in Particulate matter distribution and standard deviation for semi-metallic pa...

Figure 13. Particulate matter distribution and standard deviation for organic pads A line graph showing particle number size distribution for organic particles. The horizontal axis shows particle diameter d p in micrometers on a logarithmic scale from about 0.1 to above 100. The vertical axis More about this image found in Particulate matter distribution and standard deviation for organic pads ...

Figure 14. Particulate matter distribution and standard deviation for ceramic pads A line graph showing particle number size distribution for ceramic particles. The horizontal axis shows particle diameter d p in micrometers on a logarithmic scale from about 0.1 to above 100. The vertical axis ... More about this image found in Particulate matter distribution and standard deviation for ceramic pads ...

Figure 15. Particulate matter distribution and standard deviation for stock pads A line graph showing particle number size distribution for stock particles. The horizontal axis shows particle diameter d p in micrometers on a logarithmic scale from about 0.1 to above 100. The vertical axis show... More about this image found in Particulate matter distribution and standard deviation for stock pads A ...

Figure 16. Particle matter comparison between different pad materials A line graph comparing particle number size distributions for metallic, semi metallic, organic, ceramic, and stock particles. The horizontal axis shows particle diameter d p in micrometers on a logarithmic scale from about More about this image found in Particle matter comparison between different pad materials A line graph ...

Figure 1. Hammer test configuration and impact force response characteristics Three panels depict a rail fastening assembly, an impact test setup, and graphs of hammer impact force and amplitude. The first panel combines a view and a schematic of the rail fastening assembly, with components nu... More about this image found in Hammer test configuration and impact force response characteristics Thre...

Figure 2. Time-domain and frequency-domain curves of the measured vibration acceleration: (a) time history; (b) frequency spectrum Two line graphs compare acceleration responses of the rail, upper iron plate, lower iron plate, and sleeper. The panel a graph plots time from 0 to 0.4 seconds aga... More about this image found in Time-domain and frequency-domain curves of the measured vibration accelerat...

Figure 3. Refined dynamic finite-element model of the double-layer non-linear fastener A flow diagram outlines constraint setting, contact setting, preload force application, and meshing for a rail fastening model. The three-dimensional rail fastening model identifies the rail, sleeper, upper ... More about this image found in Refined dynamic finite-element model of the double-layer non-linear fastene...

Figure 4. Acceleration responses of each layer in the dynamic system: (a) rail; (b) upper iron plate; (c) lower iron plate; (d) sleeper Four line graphs compare calculated and measured acceleration responses over time in panels a to d. The horizontal axis in all four panels covers time from 0 ... More about this image found in Acceleration responses of each layer in the dynamic system: (a) rail; (b) u...

Figure 5. Coherence function of each layer in the dynamic system Four line graphs compare coherence functions of the rail, upper iron plate, lower iron plate, and sleeper. The horizontal axis covers frequency from 0 to 1000 hertz, and each graph covers coherence function values from 0 to 1. Th... More about this image found in Coherence function of each layer in the dynamic system Four line graphs ...

Figure 6. Wheel–rail force at the fastener fulcrum A line graph plots wheel-rail force over time, with a pronounced negative force trough near 0.11 seconds. The horizontal axis covers time from 0 to 0.20 seconds, and the vertical axis covers wheel-rail force from negative 80 to 20 kilonewtons.... More about this image found in Wheel–rail force at the fastener fulcrum A line graph plots wheel-rail f...

Figure 7. Acceleration responses of each layer in the dynamic system under train loading: (a) rail; (b) upper iron plate; (c) lower iron plate; (d) sleeper Four line graphs plot acceleration responses over time, with strong oscillation bursts near 0.10 to 0.12 seconds. The horizontal axis in a... More about this image found in Acceleration responses of each layer in the dynamic system under train load...

Figure 8. Acceleration response spectra of the dynamic system A line graph compares acceleration amplitudes of the rail, upper iron plate, lower iron plate, and sleeper across frequency. The horizontal axis covers frequency from 0 to 2500 hertz, and the vertical axis covers acceleration amplit... More about this image found in Acceleration response spectra of the dynamic system A line graph compare...

Figure 9. (a) Distribution of the transfer function of the dynamic system; (b) vibration decay rates of the fastener system Two line graphs compare transfer functions and vibration decay rates across frequency for rail fastening components. The panel a graph plots frequency from 0 to 2500 hert... More about this image found in (a) Distribution of the transfer function of the dynamic system; (b) vibrat...

Figure 10. Comparison of vibration decay rates with varying stiffness of the under-rail rubber pad: (a) under-rail rubber pad, (b) middle rubber pad; and comparison of vibration decay rates with varying stiffness of the middle rubber pad: (c) under-rail rubber pad, (d) middle rubber pad Four gr... More about this image found in Comparison of vibration decay rates with varying stiffness of the under-rai...