... + Q s Emerald Publishing Limited: All rights reserved 2025 embankments erosion flow–heat coupling model geomembrane defects monitoring sand trough experiments C_m specific water capacity C_s volumetric heat capacity of dry...

...). The watersheds of the Hulu River and Lanni River in Xiji county of Ningxia, China were selected to extract SSDs (Figure 1). Located in southern Ningxia and the western Loess Plateau, the study area experiences significant soil erosion of 1.6 billion tonnes per year. The region, with an area of 1957.4...