..., although once a major artery through London, the high tidal range of the Thames always created operational problems and the closure of the up-river dock systems and the redevelopment of many riverside wharves has further reduced potential on the capital's least congested route. 7. As already noted, inland...

... are also used in the rural areas. Further, there is a virtual absence of an irrigation and drainage system, and drought and ¯ooding events are frequent, severe and widespread. 3. Also, it should be noted that one of the major constraints facing industrial development in the islandÐmanufacturing...

.... As the loads involved are signi®cantly less than those normally applied to the gate, the stresses induced are also reduced. In general, the majority of ports have gates operated by hydraulic rams, as they seem to be easier to maintain than the chain system. Impounded water level Cross-section of gate...

....15 5. This major research e€ort has been supplemented by many ancillary and related studies, usually involving more detailed experi- ments at a smaller scale in the various universities involved in the main FCF experiments.16±19 A major purpose of this paper is to highlight the operational techniques...

... that M varies with location and ¯ow, and even better predictions of the Canadian river velocities should be possible if local reach values of M could be applied. 24. In 1786 DuBuat stated that one of the major problems in the ®eld of hydraulics was `to estimate the velocity of a river of which one knows...

... overall time series performance without speci®c reference to major peaks. It is likely, too, that the greater number of model runs explored in estimating PDM parameters has contributed to the lowering of calibration errors. 27. Table 2 also shows ¯ood frequency errors for the use of generalized model...

... works at Sandon Dock which were separately designed and managed by North West Water (NWW). The planning of the project was originally undertaken by Liverpool City Engineer as agent for NWW, and includes major tunnels, combined sewer over¯ows/storm storage chambers, outfall penstock chambers...

... attention has also been focused on the development of screen surfaces to prevent blockages, to resist abrasion and to reduce noise levels. Coal Cleaning 10. With the advent of mechanized and less selective mining techniques, coal cleaning has assumed a role of major importance in the coaluse chain. Much R&D...

... in a collaborative study designed to incorporate some of the neglected parameters in methods of predicting stage from discharge. 7. The major parameters in¯uencing ¯ow behaviour and ¯ow conveyance in two-stage meandering channels are as follows5 (some are illustrated in Fig. 2) methods of estimating conveyance...

...¯ows (SSOs). A major programme of monitoring, modelling and enhancement of London's wastewater collection system is in progress to reduce ¯ooding of properties and pollution of surface waters such as the River Thames during storm conditions. Measurement of ¯ows and recording of storm events at CSOs...

... and applying the momentum equation to channel and ¯ood plain zones. They showed that the apparent shear stress on the channel/¯ood plain interface is many times greater than the average shear stress around the solid boundaries. 16. A major focus of compound channel research in recent years has been the United...

... to calculate realtime predictions. . They require an exhaustive understanding of the complicated processes a€ecting water quality in a distribution network. . There is a data requirement for analysis and calibration/veri®cation. 36. Deterministic models have the major advantage of being transferable and being...

... deposition) will be restricted to steep sites, due to the high velocities required. For the majority of designs the design criteria for small pipes will be based 1·0 Design criteria What depth of sediment deposition is allowable? 2·1 Sediment data Data should be colected regarding the nature of the sediments...