Cybernetics of the development process: SPECT system approach

Presents a view of the combinations of the levels of social, political, economical, cultural and technological (SPECT) factors at different points in time pertaining to a human society (or a country) to gain a perspective of the development process. In this direction, a system called SPECT has been recognized in the form of a cybernetic system which is defined by the elements of which it is composed, and by the mutual relations among them. In the broad sense, a set defines the levels of input elements of SPECT factors at a particular point in time; and another set includes the rules of operation, inter‐relationships and its relationship with the external environment. Further, considers a coupling between two SPECT systems in respect of the two societies (or countries) and the vector space properties used for their analysis.