... Curve (EKC) pattern, with a negative long-term impact but a positive effect from lagged squared GDP, implying that environmental degradation decreases after GDP reaches a turning point. REN reduces the EF both in the short and long term, with significant coefficients. Originality/value To complement...

... and short-term relationships between GDP, CO2 emissions, FDI and RES integration in the Black Sea region. Findings The results indicate a positive long-term relationship between GDP and CO₂ emissions, with a negative coefficient for GDP squared, supporting the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC...