... models including optimization model and Stackelberg game model are constructed under different subsidy schemes. Findings The study finds that (1) there exists a threshold related to the subsidy coefficient for the HWC manufacturer when choosing between self-saving and outsourcing-saving. (2) When...

... different promotion scenarios is studied. Design/methodology/approach Three differential game models, namely no coupon is offered, coupons offered by the manufacturer and coupons offered by the retailer, are constructed. Findings The results show that the manufacturer and retailer intend to conduct...