... contribution is considering the chain-to-chain competition in collecting returned products and selling recycled products to other SCs in a mixed SC under disruptions. Also, a novel hybrid metaheuristic is developed to cope with the complexity of the model. Supply chain network design Stochastic programming...

... the given threshold value, the fireflies’ positions update according to the modified equation which can dynamically adjust the fireflies’ exploring and exploiting ability. Findings – A novel metaheuristic algorithm called FA has emerged. It is inspired by the flashing behavior of fireflies. In basic...