... that the science system, operating on a first-order observation, establishes with other systems, which operate on a second-order observation. With publications, science opens up observationally to other systems, which can see its existence, even if they do so through their own categories. This certainly applies...

... to prediction in the natural–scientific sense. The second is relevant here in as far as it pertains to intentional design. Krippendorff defines “a system is observationally determinable if an observer can predict its behavior within reasonable computational resources and time constraints...

...Gerard de Zeeuw Various devices have been identified to support research as a way of improving on observations; those in the social sciences appearing to be less effective than those in the physical sciences. To make the former more effective, it often is tried to “involve” the user...