... not necessarily prompt an NSP to outsource nursing services. Interestingly, we find that even when the service cost of the outsourcing strategy is low, the NSP may still insist on the in-house strategy. Additionally, the equilibrium strategy does not always result in lower prices and higher demand. Originality...

... Closed-loop supply chain Independent remanufacturer Product warranty Outsourcing strategy Over the past two decades, the excessive use of nonrenewable resources has caused an immense depletion in our natural reserves, which propels many countries to seek sustainable development alternatives...