...Lu Xiao; Zhi-Ying Wu; Song-Ling Zhang; Zhen-Song Chen; Kannan Govindan Purpose This paper aims to propose a two-period model in which an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) decides the remanufacturability level of products in product design and unit patent licensing fee at the first period...

... as human‐made technical systems where people have intervened in the natural order by applying systems methods (Lin, 1993) and building new systems through synthesizing design components, attributes and relationships (von Bertalanffy, 1973 ; Lin, 1995). The product design was recognized as a scientific...