...Naeem Akhtar; Umar Iqbal Siddiqi; Tahir Islam Purpose The authors proposed a conceptual model by examining the influence of threats to their freedom on tourists’ psychological distance including social distance, spatial distance, and temporal distance, which effect psychological reactance...

...Yasir Jamal; Tahir Islam; Zubair Ali Shahid Purpose This study explores the underlying mechanism of psychological reactance that leads to online shopping hate in social commerce. Based on self-congruity and psychological reactance theory, this study examines the antecedents (symbolic, functional...