New & Noteworthy
Virtual Data Center (VDC)Release 1.0 now Available
Researchers in social sciences, and in academia in general, increasingly rely on large quantities of numeric data. The analysis of such data appears in professional journals, in scholarly books, and more and more often in popular media. Archiving, disseminating and sharing data is crucial to research, but is often costly and difficult. Consequently, the ability to replicate the work of others and to build on it is diminished. Researchers, university data centers,and students, all face challenges when trying to find and use quantitative research data.
The VDC Development Team has announced the official 1.0 Release of the Virtual Data Center (VDC). The VDC is a complete open-source, digital library system for the management, dissemination, exchange, and citation of virtual collections of quantitative data. The VDC functionality provides everything necessary to maintain and disseminate an individual collection of research studies: including facilities for the storage, archiving, cataloging,translation, and on-line analysis of a particular collection. The system provides extensive support for distributed and federated collections including:location-independent naming of objects, distributed authentication and access control, federated metadata harvesting, remote repository caching, and distributed "virtual" collections of remote objects. Supported standards, protocols and formats include: DDI, Dublin Core, and MARC for metadata; R, SPSS, SAS, ASCII, and STATA for data; OAI and Z39.50 for queries;UNF's and Handle's for naming/citation.
The long-term goal of the VDC project is to increase the replicability of research by providing a foundation for citation of quantitative data. The VDC system improves citation to data: by providing support for persistent,location-independent identifier, standardized metadata, and universal numeric fingerprints. VDC software is open source and freely available for examination,modification, use, and redistribution, in support of the principle that the fundamental infrastructure for research must be transparent.
Virtual Data Center: http://thedata.org/index.php/Main/HomePage
Download Release 1.0: http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=25954
OAI PackReleased by Infrae
Infrae has released open source (Silva, and everything in the OAI Pack is released under a BSD-style license) extensions for Python, Zope and the Silva CMS for harvesting web-based repositories exposed using the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) standard. In addition they have announced an extension for the Railroad content repository software for exposing existing Railroad systems as OAI-PMH harvestable repositories. The individual components enable organizations to harvest, index and present data from any OAI-PMH repository, and also allow the setting up of a new repository with Railroad. They are calling this set of OAI-PMH services the OAI-PMH Pack.
Infrae has extended Silva so it enables users to browse and search harvested metadata, further enriching the extensive feature set of this open source CMS. An organization that uses Silva can easily become an OAI-PMH Service Provider. In the process, Infrae also developed a module for accessing OAI-PMH compliant repositories in Python, and developed a sophisticated harvesting and indexing system for using harvested metadata in Zope. These reusable components are designed to be building blocks for other Python or Zope-based applications.
Infrae has also extended Railroad with a service to turn it into an OAI-PMH compliant server. Railroad is a standards-based content repository for digital media and corresponding metadata. It is designed to be easy to integrate with content management systems and other client software, and has already been integrated with Silva and Plone. Using Railroad, an organization can become an OAI-PMH Data Provider. It is possible to use a combination of Silva and Railroad to become both Service Provider and Data Provider, but since the OAI Pack builds on an interoperable protocol, the components can also be used individually.
More information on the OAI-PMH Pack: www.infrae.com/products/oaipack
Python oaipmh module: www.infrae.com/products/oaipack#oaimph
Zope OAICore Product: www.infrae.com/products/oaipack#OAICore
Silva OAI Extension: www.infrae.com/products/oaipack#SilvaOAI
Railroad OAI Service: www.infrae.com/products/oaipack#RailroadOAIService
More information about OAI-PMH: www.openarchives.org/www.oaforum.org/tutorial/
Center for the Digital Future Releases Internet Report
The University of Southern California (USC) Annenberg School for Communication has announced that Jeffrey Cole and his staff at the Center for Communication Policy, formerly based at UCLA, will form the leadership of the newly established USC Annenberg School Center for the Digital Future, a policy and research center devoted to the study of new communication technology and its impact on individuals, communities, and societies around the globe.
The USC Annenberg School Center for the Digital Future will continue the same cutting-edge research projects undertaken at UCLA, including the next phase of the Internet Project, Surveying the Digital Future, the most comprehensive longitudinal study of the impact of the Internet on America. The Center has recently released the newest report, "10 Years, 10 Trends".
In addition to the Internet Project, Dr Cole created and organizes the World Internet Project, which has been tracking the use of the Internet around the globe since 1999. Joining Dr Cole at the USC Annenberg School Center for the Digital Future are key colleagues from UCLA who will continue and expand the research projects of the Center. Phoebe Schramm is associate director and Michael Suman is research director. A veteran public relations and non-profit management professional, Ms Schramm will supervise all administrative functions. Dr Suman served as project coordinator for the Television Monitoring Project and will supervise research projects.
The Center will be based at USC Annenberg's new downtown Los Angeles research and professional education center. Below is new contact information for Dr Cole and the staff:
Center for Digital Future web site: http://digitalcenter.org
Ten Years, Ten Trends report: www.digitalcenter.org/downloads/DigitalFutureReport-Year4-2004.pdf
Grant AwardedTo Examine MARC Content Designation Utilization
The Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS), an independent US Federal agency, has awarded a National Leadership Grant of $233,115 to the Texas Center for Digital Knowledge (TxCDK) at the University of North Texas for a project investigating the coding of information and metadata utilization in one million Machine-Readable Catalog (MARC) records from the OCLC WorldCat database. TxCDK Fellows Dr William E. Moen and Dr Shawne D. Miksa, both from the UNT School of Library and Information Sciences (SLIS), are the Principal Investigators of the project entitled "Examining Present Practices to Inform Future Metadata Use: An Empirical Analysis of MARC Content Designation Utilization". During the two-year project, Drs Moen and Miksa will investigate the extent of catalogers' use of MARC 21, the mark-up language used by catalogers worldwide to create electronic catalog records. OCLC, the Online Computer Library Center, has agreed to provide a sample of 1 million MARC bibliographic records for this project. The records will be pulled from OCLC's WorldCat database which contains more than 55 million unique bibliographic records created and maintained collectively by more than 9,000 member institutions from countries around the world. The current MARC 21 specifications define nearly 2,000 fields and subfields available to library catalogers working to create catalog records for a wide variety of materials. In the Z-Interoperability Testbed Project, funded by an earlier IMLS National Leadership Grant, Moen discovered strong indications that only 36 of the available MARC subfields accounted for 80 percent of all subfield utilization. These preliminary findings have important implications for library catalogers,standards developers, and people involved in the machine generation of metadata. Dr Miksa states that this new project will provide research strategies to examine MARC records as artifacts of the entire cataloging enterprise. The resulting data will greatly inform cataloging education and curricula which is critical to the continued development and improvement of information retrieval systems in libraries worldwide. Project web site: www.unt.edu/mcdu
Library of CongressAnnounces Awards of $15 Million to Begin Building a Network of Partners for Digital Preservation
The Library of Congress has announced awards totaling more than $14.9 million to eight institutions and their partners to identify, collect and preserve digital materials within a nationwide digital preservation infrastructure. These awards from the library will be matched dollar-for-dollar by the winning institutions in the form of cash, in-kind or other resources. The institutions will share responsibilities for preserving at-risk digital materials of significant cultural and historical value to the nation.
Because there is usually no analog (physical) version of materials created solely in digital formats, these so-called "born-digital" materials are at much greater risk of either being lost and no longer available as historical resources, or of being altered, preventing future researchers from studying them in their original form. Millions of digital materials, such as web sites mounted in the early days of the internet, are already lost – either completely or in their original versions.
The preservation projects that will receive Library of Congress funding include digital content relating to important people, events and movements that have had a major impact on the nation's history, such as the birth of the "dot com" era, digital geospatial data, and cultural heritage.
The Library of Congress is leading this massive digital preservation program to help ensure that the students, historians and lifelong learners of tomorrow will be able to study these subjects and others with the same degree of comprehensiveness and reliability that historians of the past enjoyed when they were studying less ephemeral analog materials. These awards are the next step in a multiphase process to solve complex problems of collecting, preserving and making available digital content.
The program the Library of Congress has undertaken is officially named the National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP). This initiative will be carried out through the establishment of a national network of partners, such as those named today, that are committed to digital preservation. The partners will collaborate in a digital preservation architecture with defined roles and responsibilities. In 2000, the US Congress asked the Library of Congress to lead this effort.
Commenting on the initiative, Librarian of Congress James H. Billington said:"The Library of Congress looks forward to its collaboration with these institutions, all of which are dedicated to the preservation of our nation's cultural and historical heritage, in all its forms. As materials are increasingly being created in digital form only, it becomes ever more critical to save the important information they contain so that future generations will continue to benefit from, and build on, the achievements of previous generations. During the tenth year of the Library's National Digital Library Program, these awards are especially meaningful."
Some of the projects being funded by these awards.
NCSU Libraries, Library ofCongress to Preserve At-Risk Digital Geospatial Data
The Library of Congress and the North Carolina State University Libraries entered into a cooperative agreement on September 30, 2004 to complete a $1.044 million project through the National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program. The Library of Congress is contributing approximately half the total amount of the project. The NCSU Libraries is partnering with the North Carolina Center for Geographic Information and Analysis on a three-year project to collect and preserve at-risk digital geospatial data resources from state and local government agencies. Although the effort will focus solely on North Carolina, it is expected to serve as a demonstration project for other states.
The geospatial resources targeted by the NCSU Libraries' project include digitized maps, geographic information systems (GIS) data sets, and remote sensing data resources such as digital aerial photography. A wide range of state and local agencies create these forms of data for use in tax assessment,transportation planning, hazard analysis, health planning, political redistricting, homeland security and utilities management.
State and local agencies frequently offer more detailed and up-to-date geospatial data than federal agencies. However, these entities are by definition decentralized, and their dissemination practices focus almost exclusively on providing access to the most current data available, rather than any older versions. In 2003 the North Carolina Geographic Information Coordinating Council launched a plan to "organize the geographic information assets statewide"under a program called NC OneMap. One of the stated goals of NC OneMap is to ensure continuous access to historic and temporal data.
The NCSU Libraries and the North Carolina Center for Geographic Information and Analysis will identify available resources through the NC OneMap data inventory and acquire at-risk geospatial data. The project partners will develop a digital repository architecture for geospatial data through use of open source software tools such as DSpace and emerging metadata standards such as Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard (METS). In addition, the partners will investigate methods for automating the identification and capture of data resources by using emerging Open Geospatial Consortium specifications for data interoperability. One outcome of the North Carolina project will be the development of a model for data archiving and time series development that can guide and inform digital preservation efforts in other states and countries.
In 2001, NCSU Libraries received an International Special Achievement award from the Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) recognizing its accomplishments in advancing GIS technology. NCSU Libraries began offering geospatial data services in the mid-1990s and was an early leader in collecting data from North Carolina's local governments. Data resources continue to be acquired, cataloged, and made available in the library and through a campus wide networked server, and are used by every academic college at NC State. Other services offered include assistance with finding and using data resources,providing access to public workstations, and training.
MetaArchive of Southern Historyand Culture
The Library of Congress has awarded a $700,000 grant to a cooperative of six research libraries to create a MetaArchive of Southern Digital Culture. The MetaArchive Project is a collaborative venture of Emory University, Georgia Tech, Virginia Tech, Florida State University, Auburn University, and the University of Louisville. The project is part of the National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program supported by the Library of Congress.
The MetaArchive approach to long term digital preservation of at-risk content will initiate coordinated efforts by a decentralized group of peer institutions to mutually identify, preserve, and archive information. While it is questionable whether any centralized scheme for preservation can succeed over the long haul, decentralized mechanisms for mobilizing group efforts between cooperating institutions appear to hold promise for effective long-term models for preservation. The success of the Internet itself is an example of why de-centered peer-topeer approaches are often more robust and effective than hierarchical organizational architectures.
The MetaArchive project proposes an initial investigation of a cooperative model of peer institutions partnering for digital preservation purposes. This cooperative will build a network of collaborating institutions acting to preserve a corpus of critical cultural heritage content available only in digital forms. This preservation network will use the LOCKSS software, a major new system for distributed preservation of digital content. Collaborative partnership models based on this approach may be the best hope for successful digital preservation of our cultural heritage.
This project is a first step in advancing the new practice of digital preservation. In the long run, preservation of digital content will require much more than simply identifying and archiving content. Preservation efforts will require automated mechanisms for format migration, metadata validation,sophisticated rights management, and many more functions. But before these more advanced steps are taken, a foundation of practices is needed for distributed archiving and content conspectus building. Once this preservation network is established, future projects will investigate and advance these additional areas of digital preservation.
University of Maryland-ledPartnership to Preserve Documents and Tales from Dot-Com Era
Researchers at the University of Maryland's Robert H. Smith School of Business have received a $235,000 award from the Library of Congress to strengthen a two-year-old initiative to preserve records from the historic dot-com era of the late 1990s. Researchers will use the grant to develop a digital repository to house business records and other materials collected through the Business Plan Archive (BPA), which was launched in 2002. The BPA is a web portal located at www.businessplanarchive.org and contains business plans,marketing plans, technical plans, venture presentations, and other business documents from more than 2,000 failed and successful Internet start-ups.
The Library of Congress grant will be matched by financial and in-kind contributions from the project's partners, bringing the total size of the project to nearly $480,000. These partners include leading practitioners in the fields of digital humanities (Center for History and New Media;www.chnm.gmu.edu); internet archiving (Internet Archive; www.archive.org); and digital evidence (Gallivan et al.&/it;; www.digitalwarroom.com).
In the second phase of the Business Plan Archive project, researchers will collect detailed personal narratives from the "refugees" or "working class" of the internet boom and bust. Entrepreneurs, employees, customers,suppliers, investors, and others touched by this historic period can submit their stories by completing a survey at www.dotcomarchive.org, the BPA's new companion web portal. These stories will join the business records as part of the BPA and will also be part of the Library of Congress digital preservation project.
In addition to the partners mentioned above, the Smith School-led project includes Snyder, Miller & Orton LLP, a San Francisco-based law firm. Overall, the partnership is one of just eight nationwide to receive funding in this first round of grants and the only group focusing exclusively on capturing and preserving business records for future generations.
Business Plan Archive: www.businessplanarchive.org
DotcomArchive: www.dotcomarchive.org/
New TechnologyTo Enable Academic File Sharing
As the use of information technology expands in higher education, many faculty increasingly maintain collections of digital media that they use to inspire their students in the classroom. Some collections consist of a few hundred images, but some number in the thousands. Many of the repositories include digital images, but others might contain audio, video and scientific simulations as well. Regardless of the size of the collection or the type of media stored, the purpose is pretty much the same – to create an environment where students want to learn.
Mike Halm, senior researcher in Information Technology and other interested developers at The Pennsylvania State University began looking at ways faculty used digital media to engage their students and manage their electronic files."What we found was a desire for better tools and services that would help faculty find, store and retrieve their resources easily." By talking to Penn State educators who owned electronic collections, the developers also identified some of the overwhelming obstacles involved in discovering, organizing and distributing digital media.
Realizing that peer-to-peer (P2P) technology offered unique opportunities to manage and exchange files, Halm and his team of researchers set out to develop an open-source software that could be used within the academic community to simplify the use of digital information by educators. In September, that goal came one step closer to fruition, when Penn State and Internet2 developers released the open-source code for a new academic file-sharing technology, called LionShare, at the Internet2 Member Meeting in Austin, Texas.
The LionShare P2P project is an innovative effort to facilitate legitimate file-sharing among individuals and educational institutions around the world. By using P2P technology and incorporating features such as authentication,directory servers, and owner controlled sharing of files, LionShare promises secure file-sharing capabilities for the easy exchange of image collections,video archives, large data collections, and other types of academic information. In addition to authenticated file-sharing capabilities, the developing LionShare technology will also provide users with resources for organizing, storing, and retrieving digital files.
Currently, many academic digital collections remain "hidden" or difficult to access on the internet. Through the use of LionShare technology,users will be able to find and access these information reservoirs in a more timely and direct manner – employing one rather than multiple searches. LionShare will also provide users with tools to catalog and organize personal files for easier retrievals and enhanced sharing capabilities.
The LionShare project began as an experimental software development project at Penn State University to assist faculty with digital file management. The project has now grown to be a collaborative effort between Penn State University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Open Knowledge Initiative,researchers at Simon Fraser University, and the Internet2 P2P Working Group. A grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation will be used to fund the first two years of the project.
The LionShare development team anticipates a beta launch in Fall of 2004 with the software's final release in 2005. The software will be made available to the general public under an open source license agreement.
LionShare: http://lionshare.its.psu.edu/main/
NJIT ProfessorTo Develop Meta Information Engine for "Supersized" Virtual Library
Imagine, with the single click of a mouse: a smorgasbord of reference listings consolidated from public, university and online digital libraries. Such an indepth reference is being developed by a group of information scientists and librarians at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT).
Led by Michael Bieber, PhD, associate professor of information systems and co-director of the Collaborative Hypermedia Research Laboratory at NJIT, a group has received a total of more than $2 million in federal funding to develop computer software to create such a tool.
"We're developing a supersized library," said Bieber. "Our meta information engine will automatically add links within web pages to related documents and services, customized to your current task."
Funding, which extends through September of 2007, includes $498,000 from the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS); $850,000 from the National Science Digital Library program at the National Science Foundation (NSF); and$800,000 from the NSF to develop a general recommendation engine. Librarians and other researchers from NJIT, Olin College of Engineering in Massachusetts,Ramapo College, Cumberland Community College and the Newark Public Library, as well as several online digital libraries, will help Bieber test and develop the software.
Holdings in the virtual mega library will include the home library's online catalog, databases and electronic special collections. Also available will be the National Science Digital Library's on-line educational resource network, the Science@NASA educational digital library and books on sale at Amazon.com that pertain to any item a user selects on the computer screen. The National Science Digital Library is a network that includes teaching resources, experiments, data and more for students in grade and secondary schools as well as in higher education.
Full press release: www.njit.edu/publicinfo/press_releases/release_544.php
NSDLNational Science Digital Library Core Integration (CI)
In order to provide users with rich services, beyond searching for and accessing web-based resources, as currently supported by Dublin Core metadata aggregation, NSDL Core Integration (CI) is using FEDORA to manage heterogeneous information: metadata in Dublin Core and other formats, content such as the URLs of relevant resources, NSDL-created content such as aggregated learning objects and exhibits, data about educational standards, as well as information about users and organizations. Their goal is to provide users with a richer experience, where they can participate in the library through resource contribution, annotation, and creation, receive personalized services in return,and get recommendations to other objects "like" the one they have chosen.
FEDORA is a general information model and repository architecture for encapsulating and securing multimedia content. CI is building a new library infrastructure which will be released early in the next calendar year based on FEDORA. This implementation will continue to support current NSDL Metadata Repository functions such as OAI ingest and exposure of Dublin Core metadata while building an infrastructure that extends the types of information that can be managed. FEDORA increases the options available for user services including resource discovery, access, repurposing, and reuse.
FEDORA supports the creation of complex objects that aggregate heterogeneous types of information and supports their use through "behaviors"(different ways of generating multiple views of the aggregated information and providing access to them). FEDORA is agnostic as to information type and also about where the information is actually stored (locally or externally). It allows association of external rights management schemes with the dissemination of an object's contents. FEDORA makes use of web-based technologies, including XML and web services.
FEDORA information: www.fedora.info
NSDL web site: www.nsdl.org/
Nanoscale Memory TechnologyOpens New Possibilities for Portable Electronic Devices
Dr Michael Kozicki, professor of electrical engineering at Arizona State University's Center for Solid State Electronics Research and founder, Axon Technologies Corporation, has developed a nanoscale-based advanced memory and switching technology that opens new possibilities for portable electronic devices. Axon Technologies has reached agreement to license its nanoscale Programmable Metallization Cell (PMC) nonvolatile memory technology to industry giant Infineon Technologies, the third largest memory supplier and fifth largest semiconductor manufacturer in the world.
Demand for new memory technologies is the result of an explosive growth market of everyday portable devices such as cell phones, digital cameras, PDAs and MP3 players. In these battery-operated devices, squeezing out maximum performance while consuming the lowest amount of power remains a top priority. PMC technology shows promise as a next-generation memory that offers superior performance and power savings and is flexible enough to be configured for a large number of different applications and devices.
Additionally, with Moore's law – the doubling every 18 months in the number of transistors on a chip that pushes the building blocks of microcircuits to smaller and smaller dimensions – conventional computer memory will inevitably reach a point where it becomes difficult to make and use. The breakthrough with PMC technology comes from its nanoscale size. "Existing memory doesn't scale very well, you can't go on shrinking it," says Kozicki,"whereas, PMC is a memory that loves to be scaled because it is actually based on a nanostructured material – in other words, a material that has a particular structure at a nanometer level."
PMC works on an atomic scale. In the technology, a silver or copper layer and an inert electrode are formed in contact with positively charged silver or copper ions contained in a solid state, electrolyte film, creating a device in which information is stored via removing the positive charge, or reduction, of the metal ions. "The ions move, and they actually become reduced to form this little metal nanowire," said Kozicki. "The nanowire is a true nanostructure about the size of a virus, but even being so small, it creates a huge electrical change but requires absurdly small amounts of energy, the lowest amount of energy of any memory proposed or in existence at the moment."
Key attributes of PMC are low voltage, low power consumption, and the ability for the storage cells to be physically scaled to a few tens of nanometers. "Being nanostructured and creating a nanowire the size of a virus at very low voltage and very low current, means you can cram a lot of these things in a very small area," said Kozicki. "You can keep on the Moore's law scaling path."
The storage of the new memory is very stable, beyond ten years, so that it can be used in today's digital cameras, digital music and video. But it can also easily be reversed to conveniently erase the information at the user's command. PMC technology is also able to be easily integrated into current semiconductor manufacturing methods for computer chips.
Full press release: www.asu.edu/asunews/sci_tech/memory_technology_100604.htm
Google Inc.Google Desktop Search and Google Print Beta Programs
Google Inc. has announced a beta desktop search application that enables users to search their e-mail, files, web history, and chats. Called Google Desktop Search, this new application makes it possible for users to find information on their computers as fast and easily as they can search the web with Google. Google Desktop Search is a lightweight, free, downloadable application that brings Google search to information on your computer. The application operates locally on the user's computer, where it provides the following capabilities:
Find e-mail, files and more. Users can search across their email and a wide range of files and information.
Searches fast. Google Desktop Search is built with the same search technology as Google.com
Easy access to desktop results via Google.com Search. Google Desktop Search enables users to search both their computer and the web simultaneously.
Fresh, dynamic results. Google Desktop Search updates continuously for most file types.
Google Desktop Search is available at http://desktop.google.com Google Desktop Search is currently available in English. With regard to user privacy,when a user chooses to search simultaneously across his or her computer and Google.com, the computer's content is not made accessible to Google, or to anyone else, without the user's express permission. Users can select what information they want to have searched, and remove information whenever they want.
Google Print (Beta) is a new program that enables publishers to promote their books on Google. Google scans the full text of participating publishers' titles so that Google users can see books that match the topics that they are searching on. When a user clicks on a book search result, they are taken to a Google-hosted web page displaying a scanned image of the relevant page from the book. Even though the entire book is scanned by Google and is searchable, the user can view only two pages forward and back. Each page also contains multiple"Buy this Book" links, allowing users to purchase the book from online retailers. They may also show contextually-targeted Google AdWords ads on these pages. Publishers will receive a share of the revenue generated from ads appearing on their content.
Google Print FAQ: http://print.google.com/
Clush.comNew Dynamic Clustered Search
Clush.com has released its new Cluster Visual Search Engine (CVS). Clush's new CVS engine combines dynamic clustered results, visual images and search results, and presents them for each new search query. Adding clusters and visual images to searches increases relevancy, helps organize data and reduces the number of clicks required to find relevant results. Another value-add application of Clush's search technology is to allow organizations the ability to search, organize and categorize documents, records and databases to find the most relevant information available. Clush uses Clusters for dynamic categorization of information and for relevancy scoring. Clush is not limited to ranking only HTML web pages that depend on many links for high rankings in a search, thus, Clush can be used to search and organize e-mail, legal documents,medical, scientific and government records.
Clush has also developed Likely Meaning Score (LMS) and has implemented this search technology into their own search results. Using LMS allows Clush to present the meaning of a search query without using link popularity. An example of this can be seen by entering the word "virus" into the search box at www.clush.com. The search query "virus" in search engines using link popularity algorithms produce results centering on anti-virus software because their algorithm is driven by the large amount of commercial anti-virus software links. Clush's LMS yields results on biological viruses first, due to the higher probability of being related to biology rather than computer software. Computer virus and anti-virus (software) are, however, displayed among Clush.com's clustered results.
Web site: www.clush.com
