.... Practical implications The main implication is that the global sulfur cap will increase CO₂ emissions. In that sense, this should be factored in the IMO greenhouse gas discussion. Originality/value According to the knowledge of the authors, no analysis examining the impact of the 2020 sulfur...

... sulfur cap. Our paper attempts to contribute to this subject, by examining, inter alia, penalty policies that need to be followed so that potential violations are discouraged. When the global sulfur cap was introduced, penalties were not defined for the non-compliant ships but were left to be decided...