... the market to book ratio as second measure. In the robustness check, we also control for family-owned IPO performance in the long-run through the return on assets (ROA). Second, we define an IPO as family-owned when two conditions exists simultaneously: first, one or more members of the family (related...

... research on organizational slack and on IPO performance by investigating the slack and performance relationship at the time of IPO, which is an important transitional phase for an organization. This is an especially important time since IPO firms usually face the decisive challenge of effectively employing...