... and development (R&D) intensity. Design/methodology/approach This study empirically investigates a panel dataset based on 296 information and communications technology (ICT) small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) over 5 years, using a fixed-effects panel regression with time-lagged and moderating...

... bias arising from firms’ discretionary disclosure of R&D expenditure. Findings Family involvement in ownership reduced firms’ R&D intensity. When PE investors also held shares, the negative relationship was diverted. Bank involvement, however, did not have a significant effect...

..., and aggressive/defensive cultures will vary across both organizations and industries. We consider the potential effects of two industry-level factors, industry growth rate and R&D intensity, on organization culture. In high-growth industries, the environment of any given organization is characterized...