...Fiorenza Meucci; Annamaria Zampella; Alessandra Allini; Bikki Jaggi Purpose This paper aims to investigate whether the use of unconditional conservatism preempts the use of conditional conservatism across different stages of firm life cycle. Design/methodology/approach The authors use a sample...

... that pledging of shares by the controlling shareholders results in higher conditional conservatism and lower unconditional conservatism. Further analysis reveals that the relationship is stronger when the controlling shareholder holds a majority ownership in the firm. Additionally, the results show...

... directors on firms’ adoption of conservative accounting methods. Both propensity score matching analyses and Heckman (1979) two-stage approach systematically address endogeneity issues. Findings The presence of busy directors on boards leads to greater unconditional conservatism and less conditional...