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Purpose

To provide water utilities operating under rationing conditions with some insight into issues related to managing non‐revenue water (NRW).

Design/methodology/approach

Reviews general theories associated with pressure, surges and water leakage, and compares them with real data in a rationed water distribution system.

Findings

In water networks there is a strong relationship between rationing hours and rationing surge pressures and NRW levels. These relationships mean that traditional ways of benchmarking NRW are not useful in rationed systems.

Originality/value

This paper identifies key NRW issues for utilities operating under rationing and gives them help in identifying options for their NRW strategies.

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