This study builds upon previous research that employed spatial modeling techniques to explore the link between urbanization drivers and respiratory disease exposure in DKI Jakarta. This study aims to investigate whether there is a spatial relationship between the condition of respiratory disease categories (J06–J022; J44–J44.9; J10–J18) and socio-environmental factors. This spatial relationship underpins the extent to which Material and Social Deprivation Index (MSDI) indicators contribute to reducing respiratory health among vulnerable populations, such as children and elderly.
The analysis using Pearson’s correlation test and Local Moran’s I autocorrelation method found a strong spatial correlation between J44 and J44.9 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the exposure levels per 1,000 population in the city (p = 0.05).
Optimal weighting in spatial Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) models analyzing deprivation on MSDI indicators revealed a high reciprocity between socio-environmental factors and spatial exposure to respiratory diseases. Bivariate Local Moran’s I statistics for material deprivation in Dissemination Area (DA) J44–J44.9 identified a Hotspot (H-H) detection pattern. This means that the sensitivity of the spatial trend between respiratory disease exposure and material deprivation component showed a positive influence across the three city clusters (p = 0.05). In contrast, the social deprivation component seems to decrease exposure levels in DA J06–J022 and J10–J18 with a Coldspot (L-L) detection pattern that tends to have a negative and insignificant correlation (p = 0.05).
Therefore, material and social deprivation play different roles in influencing susceptibility to sustained respiratory disease exposure.
