..., Li and Chu, Im, Pesaran and Shin, ADF and PP Fisher Chi-square test cointegration test (Pedroni and Kao cointegration tests) and model estimation methodologies namely the FMOLS and DOLS and ARDL – PMG models. Findings All the cointegration techniques employed namely Pedroni, Kao test and Johansen...

... Dickey–Fuller (ADF) and Phillip–Perron (PP) tests to determine the stationarity of the variables. Several models, including autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL), fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS), dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) and canonical cointegration regression (CCR), are used...

... rights only Urbanization CO₂ emission CEMAC FMOLS DOLS Cramer (2002) examined the effects of population increase on air pollution in California and unveiled a significant positive relationship for some emissions sources and not for others. Liu and Bae (2018...

... modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) and dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) methods to investigate the long run relationships amongst ecological footprints, economic growth, globalization, fossil fuel energy consumption and population. Moreover, the Toda–Yamamoto approach is conducted to examine...

... Pedroni cointegration and fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) techniques for the estimation of the models. Findings The results of the cointegration test reveal that there exist long-run relationships among the variables in the model with the interaction of financial development...