... 2022 Emerald Publishing Limited Licensed re-use rights only Risk and return Residual risk Market risk Stakeholders Prospect theory CAPM The risk–return relationship initially came under the microscope in the context of the expected utility theory, where investors' decisions...

...Monzurul Hoque; Anthony Loviscek; Elven Riley Purpose This paper aims to assess the impact of the global financial crisis of 2007‐09 on the risk structure of S&P 500 firms by examining their market, active, and residual risks before and during the crisis. Design/methodology/approach...