... hardening–softening response. Model predictions are validated against multiple experimental datasets. Findings The model accurately captures the asymmetric hardening–softening response under monotonic loading and the path-dependent stiffness degradation during unloading, using only a limited set...

...Zi-Han Xu; Lin Zhan; Si-Yu Wang; Hui-Feng Xi; Heng Xiao Purpose A new approach is proposed toward accurately matching any given realistic hardening and softening data from uniaxial tensile test up to failure and moreover, toward bypassing usual tedious implicit trial-and-error iterative procedures...